B. A Binocular Cue

Binocular Cue

Binocular cues are are depth cues which require two eyes to perceive.An example of this is convergence, which is the closer that an object is, the more our eyes will need to turn inward to focus.

http://o.quizlet.com/i/FIimXKB5Je230lGr-TrIqw.jpg

"Maintaining Perceptual Constancy." AllPsych Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.

 The picture demonstrates convergence, as the eyes in the near target are turned more inward than in the far target.

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Figure-Ground Perception

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Figure-Ground Perception

Figure-ground perception is the way our brain will simplify a scene into a foreground and background.

If you view the white in this image as the foreground, or the figure, this image will look like a lady's face. On the other hand, if you view the black as the foreground, this image will appear to be a person playing the saxophone.

http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~xren/research/eccv2006/images/examples/figureground4.jpg

"What Is Figure-Ground Perception? Review Your Psychology Concepts."About. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2014.

E) Perception Constancies: Size Constancy

Size Constancy

We infer an object's size instantly when given an object's perceived distance and the size of its image on our retinas. 

http://www.ottobwiersma.nl/philosophy/perspect.htm

Even though the images the ghosts cast on our retinas are identical, monocular cues such as linear perspective tell our brain that the ghost on the left is larger. 

E) Perceptual Constancies: Brightness Constancy

Brightness Constancy

Brightness constancy refers to our ability to perceive an object as having a constant lightness even when the light cast upon it changes. Perceived lightness also depends on the amount f light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. 

http://www.brains-minds-media.org/archive/1418

Even though the squares in the color have the same brightness, we interpret the one on the right as darker due to the differences in the surrounding lightness. Since the background of the square on the right is darker than the square, it appears lighter than when it is placed on a background lighter than the object. 

E) Perceptual Constancies: Shape Constancy

Shape Constancy

Due to shape constancy, we are able to perceive the familiar objects as the same as always, even when the actual images on our retinas are different due to a change in angle. 

http://www.acousticslab.org/filmmusic/FMDownloads/FMModule7ba.htm

Even though the shapes on the left and right have different shapes from the rectangular shape of a wall, we can perceive them as walls due to our familiarity of the shape of a wall. Therefore, the change in wall does not seem to cause a shape in the wall due to shape constancy. 

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Proximity

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Proximity

People associate figures that are near each other together.

For example, we associate the circles proximate to each other as together. This affects the image by making it appear to be of a square, followed by three vertical columns.

https://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/download/thumbnails/20714537/law-of-proximity.png?version=2&modificationDate=1327956408000&api=v2

D) Motion Perception

Motion Perception

Motion is perceived from the visual system. When it receives images of changing light in the retinal image, it infers motion - this is known as the phi phenomenon. The brain also infers motion based the assumption that shrinking objecting and retreating and enlarging objects are approaching. Lastly, the brain interprets motion from a rapid series of slighting varying images.

http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/mar/05/the-simpsons-my-favourite-tv-show-stuart-heritage

Animation works on the basis that our brains infer motion when flashed a series of varying images in quick succession. 

C) Monocular Cue: Linear Perspective

 Linear Perspective

Linear Perspective is the monocular cue created when several lines in a image merge towards a vanishing point. 

http://draftingmanuals.tpub.com/14276/css/14276_272.htm

In the image of the railroad track above, it looks as the track and the building are all merging toward one point in the background. This gives an illusion of depth, even though we know that the tracks are parallel throughout. 

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Similarity

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Similarity

When presented with multiple different figures, we will group together like ones.

https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/plenz/www/introFilesF07/chapter5.html

People would view both A and B as lines, because we group the circles together according to their color. In image A, we would see horizontal lines of red and white, and in image B we see vertical lines. It is possible to view these in other ways, such as viewing image B as horizontal lines of alternating red and white circles, although people will not automatically see an image this way due to our tendency to group together similar figures.

C) Monocular Cue: Texture Gradient

Texture Gradient

When looking at an object that extends into the distance, the texture becomes less and less apparent as it goes further into the distance and this change in clarity allows use to percieve distance

https://www.flickr.com/photos/29590525@N02/galleries/72157632026471475

In the example above, the texture of the rock is more clear towards the front and less clear towards the back. In fact, the texture of the rock is almost indecernible in the back, and this tells us that the part with the blurry texture is farther away in the distance. 

Also, when an observer is 20 feet away from a wall, he will not able to see the detail in the texture. As he gets closer and stands right before the wall, he will be able to see things that he could not when he was 20 feet away. This correlation between distance and texture is interpreted as a monocular cue.

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Closure

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Closure

-This is the idea that we automatically fill in gaps to create a whole object.

Although this image could be viewed in multiple ways, our brain automatically views it as a cube, despite there not being any lines connecting the circles. This occurs because we view the area in between the circles as lines connecting the cube. The illusion would disappear if: a) the circles were outlined; or b) if the circles were filled in completely.

http://mclaughlindrums.com/174/the-art-of-perceiving-musical-patterns

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Continuity

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Continuity

This is the idea that when presented with pattern that can be viewed in multiple ways, we will view it as a smooth and continuous as opposed to discontinuous.

In the examples, people would be inclined to view the X as two slightly curved lines, as demonstrated in the second image. The third image presents a different way that the image could be seen, however typically is not because people prefer continuous patterns.

http://art.nmu.edu/groups/cognates/wiki/d42cf/Continuity.html

http://art.nmu.edu/groups/cognates/wiki/d42cf/Continuity.html

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