B. A Binocular Cue

Binocular Cue

Binocular cues are are depth cues which require two eyes to perceive.An example of this is convergence, which is the closer that an object is, the more our eyes will need to turn inward to focus.

http://o.quizlet.com/i/FIimXKB5Je230lGr-TrIqw.jpg

"Maintaining Perceptual Constancy." AllPsych Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.

 The picture demonstrates convergence, as the eyes in the near target are turned more inward than in the far target.

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Figure-Ground Perception

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Figure-Ground Perception

Figure-ground perception is the way our brain will simplify a scene into a foreground and background.

If you view the white in this image as the foreground, or the figure, this image will look like a lady's face. On the other hand, if you view the black as the foreground, this image will appear to be a person playing the saxophone.

http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~xren/research/eccv2006/images/examples/figureground4.jpg

"What Is Figure-Ground Perception? Review Your Psychology Concepts."About. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2014.

E) Perception Constancies: Size Constancy

Size Constancy

We infer an object's size instantly when given an object's perceived distance and the size of its image on our retinas. 

http://www.ottobwiersma.nl/philosophy/perspect.htm

Even though the images the ghosts cast on our retinas are identical, monocular cues such as linear perspective tell our brain that the ghost on the left is larger. 

E) Perceptual Constancies: Brightness Constancy

Brightness Constancy

Brightness constancy refers to our ability to perceive an object as having a constant lightness even when the light cast upon it changes. Perceived lightness also depends on the amount f light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. 

http://www.brains-minds-media.org/archive/1418

Even though the squares in the color have the same brightness, we interpret the one on the right as darker due to the differences in the surrounding lightness. Since the background of the square on the right is darker than the square, it appears lighter than when it is placed on a background lighter than the object. 

E) Perceptual Constancies: Shape Constancy

Shape Constancy

Due to shape constancy, we are able to perceive the familiar objects as the same as always, even when the actual images on our retinas are different due to a change in angle. 

http://www.acousticslab.org/filmmusic/FMDownloads/FMModule7ba.htm

Even though the shapes on the left and right have different shapes from the rectangular shape of a wall, we can perceive them as walls due to our familiarity of the shape of a wall. Therefore, the change in wall does not seem to cause a shape in the wall due to shape constancy. 

A. Rules of Perceptual Organization: Proximity

Rules of Perceptual Organization: Proximity

People associate figures that are near each other together.

For example, we associate the circles proximate to each other as together. This affects the image by making it appear to be of a square, followed by three vertical columns.

https://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/download/thumbnails/20714537/law-of-proximity.png?version=2&modificationDate=1327956408000&api=v2

D) Motion Perception

Motion Perception

Motion is perceived from the visual system. When it receives images of changing light in the retinal image, it infers motion - this is known as the phi phenomenon. The brain also infers motion based the assumption that shrinking objecting and retreating and enlarging objects are approaching. Lastly, the brain interprets motion from a rapid series of slighting varying images.

http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/mar/05/the-simpsons-my-favourite-tv-show-stuart-heritage

Animation works on the basis that our brains infer motion when flashed a series of varying images in quick succession.